3D Secure is used to authorize credit card payments, while Sofort and iDEAL send wire transfers. Big difference.
With 3D Secure, you provide the normal card data (i.e. card number, expiration, name, CVV/CVC) to the merchant and are then redirected to an authentication form from your card issuer. There, you'll be asked to either provide a password or, as you described, input a confirmation code from a text.
With Sofort, you're entering your login data to your e-banking account on a login page served by Sofort. They, in turn, use it to log in to your e-banking using a simulated browser and send a wire transfer. You lose control, however, of what else they do: once they are logged in to your e-banking, they can check your previous transactions, send other transfers or they might change your mailing address...
As far as I know, 3D secure also works for debit cards. In many countries debit and credit cards use the same system (Visa/Mastercard). Have seen 3D secured payments several times for my UK debit Mastercard.
With 3D Secure, you provide the normal card data (i.e. card number, expiration, name, CVV/CVC) to the merchant and are then redirected to an authentication form from your card issuer. There, you'll be asked to either provide a password or, as you described, input a confirmation code from a text.
With Sofort, you're entering your login data to your e-banking account on a login page served by Sofort. They, in turn, use it to log in to your e-banking using a simulated browser and send a wire transfer. You lose control, however, of what else they do: once they are logged in to your e-banking, they can check your previous transactions, send other transfers or they might change your mailing address...